The evolving relationship between India and Russia is closely reflected through the interactions of their leaders, Modi and Putin. Over the past decade, the personal rapport between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin has become emblematic of a broader strategic partnership that encompasses defence, energy, trade, and geopolitics. Their engagements not only showcase personal camaraderie but also reflect India’s nuanced approach to global diplomacy amid shifting international dynamics.
Historical Foundations of India‑Russia Ties
The India‑Russia (formerly India‑Soviet) relationship has deep historical roots. During the Cold War, India relied heavily on the Soviet Union for military hardware, diplomatic support, and technological collaboration. This period laid the groundwork for what is today described as a “special and privileged strategic partnership.”
Since assuming office in 2014, Modi and Putin have prioritised modernising this relationship, focusing on high-level engagement and expanding cooperation into new sectors such as energy, infrastructure, and technology. Their mutual understanding has helped maintain continuity in the bilateral partnership even amid global geopolitical shifts.
Personal Rapport Between Modi and Putin
The personal chemistry between Modi and Putin has become a hallmark of India-Russia diplomacy. From informal summits to state visits, the two leaders have frequently demonstrated warmth, mutual respect, and public gestures of friendship.
For instance, during Modi’s visit to Moscow in 2024—the first since Russia’s Ukraine invasion—Putin personally welcomed him as a “dear friend.” Modi emphasised that the relationship is grounded in “mutual trust and mutual respect,” highlighting the importance of personal diplomacy alongside state-level engagements.
This personal rapport has practical benefits, facilitating candid discussions on sensitive topics and signalling stability to international observers.
Key Pillars of the India‑Russia Partnership
Defence and Security
Defence cooperation remains one of the most tangible aspects of the India‑Russia partnership. Russia continues to be India’s largest arms supplier, and joint ventures under Modi and Putin have focused on technology transfer and indigenous production. This ensures India’s armed forces maintain access to advanced weaponry while supporting domestic defence manufacturing initiatives.
Energy and Trade
Energy collaboration is another cornerstone. India imports significant quantities of oil and gas from Russia, a relationship strengthened during periods of global energy volatility. Modi’s engagement with Putin has helped secure favourable terms, ensuring energy security while sustaining bilateral trade.
Technology and Infrastructure
Beyond defence and energy, the India-Russia partnership under Modi and Putin includes civil nuclear cooperation, space programs, and transport infrastructure. Discussions between the two leaders often include plans for joint technological ventures and research collaboration, reinforcing a multidimensional strategic partnership.
Geopolitical Balancing Act
Despite close ties, the relationship between Modi and Putin operates in a complex geopolitical environment. India has sought to maintain relations with the West while continuing its longstanding partnership with Russia.
During Modi’s 2024 Moscow visit, he called for dialogue and diplomacy regarding the Ukraine crisis without directly condemning Russia. This reflects India’s strategic “multi-alignment” approach, balancing relations with global powers while preserving autonomy.
The personal rapport of Modi and Putin ensures that diplomatic channels remain open, even amid global tensions.
Recent Milestones
- In 2023–24, Modi described Russia as an “all-weather friend,” crediting Putin for strengthening bilateral ties.
- Modi’s phone call to congratulate Putin on his re-election in 2024 reaffirmed their commitment to deepening the strategic partnership.
- Public displays of camaraderie, such as walking together at international summits, highlight the symbolic strength of their personal relationship.
These milestones underscore how the Modi and Putin relationship serves as both a diplomatic tool and a strategic signal to global observers.
Challenges and Strategic Considerations
Pressure from Western Nations
India’s energy and trade dealings with Russia have drawn scrutiny from Western countries. Maintaining these ties while safeguarding relations with the United States and Europe requires careful diplomacy.
Over-Reliance on Moscow
India’s dependence on Russian defence supplies and energy creates strategic risks, making diversification an important consideration.
Russia-China Relations
Russia’s growing closeness with China poses a challenge. Modi and Putin’s meetings help India remain relevant in Moscow’s Asian strategy while navigating China’s influence.
International Perception
India’s careful engagement with Russia, including Modi’s warmth toward Putin, has attracted attention and criticism. Balancing moral considerations with national interests remains a delicate task.
Strategic Implications
The relationship between Modi and Putin goes beyond optics. It allows India to:
- Secure critical defence and energy resources.
- Maintain diplomatic independence amid global power rivalries.
- Assert India’s role as a key player in a multipolar world.
For Russia, India provides a vital Asian partner with economic and diplomatic leverage, especially in the context of Western sanctions and geopolitical isolation.
Conclusion
The partnership between Modi and Putin represents more than just personal friendship—it embodies a complex, multidimensional strategic relationship that has evolved over decades. Their rapport has enabled India to maintain a stable and diversified foreign policy, balancing global pressures with national priorities.
In an era of shifting alliances, the Modi and Putin dynamic demonstrates how personal diplomacy can reinforce longstanding strategic ties, ensuring that India continues to navigate global complexities with autonomy, pragmatism, and foresight.
